Phenylpiracetam
Racetam Nootropic | Cognitive & Physical Performance
Phenylpiracetam (also known as Phenotropil, Carphedon, or Fonturacetam) is a phenylated derivative of piracetam developed in Russia in 1983, originally for Soviet cosmonauts to enhance cognitive function, physical stamina, and cold tolerance during space missions. The addition of a phenyl group to piracetam's pyrrolidone nucleus fundamentally changes the compound's pharmacological profile -- it crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily, has significantly greater affinity for multiple neurotransmitter systems, and exhibits pronounced psychostimulant and physical performance-enhancing properties absent in piracetam. Phenylpiracetam was approved and marketed in Russia as Phenotropil for cognitive impairment, asthenia, and convulsive disorders until its manufacturer ceased production. It gained notoriety in the sporting world after the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added it to the prohibited substances list following its detection in several Olympic athletes, confirming its reputation as a legitimate performance enhancer. One of its most distinctive properties is the enhancement of cold tolerance, a trait that directly reflects its origins as a cosmonaut support compound and has been demonstrated in animal models of hypothermia.
Moleküler Gösterim
M.W.: 218.25 Da
PubChem 2D yapı diyagramı
Referans Flakon
Referans illüstrasyonu — ürün listesi değildir
Etki Mekanizması
Phenylpiracetam modulates multiple neurotransmitter systems, which accounts for its broad spectrum of cognitive and physical effects. Like other racetams, it acts as a positive allosteric modulator of AMPA receptors, enhancing glutamatergic transmission and facilitating long-term potentiation in hippocampal circuits critical for memory formation. However, unlike piracetam, phenylpiracetam also significantly affects dopaminergic and noradrenergic signaling -- it increases the density of dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors and noradrenaline receptors in the striatum and other brain regions, which underpins its stimulant, mood-elevating, and motivation-enhancing properties. It also modulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and NMDA-type glutamate receptors, contributing to its procognitive effects. The phenyl group increases lipophilicity, allowing faster and more complete penetration of the blood-brain barrier compared to piracetam. Phenylpiracetam also demonstrates anticonvulsant activity and has been shown to reduce the threshold for cold-induced stress responses, likely through modulation of hypothalamic thermoregulatory circuits and peripheral adrenergic mechanisms. The compound's physical performance-enhancing effects are attributed to increased noradrenergic and dopaminergic tone, enhanced muscular endurance, and reduced perception of effort and fatigue.
Phenylpiracetam (also known as Phenotropil, Carphedon, or Fonturacetam) is a phenylated derivative of piracetam developed in Russia in 1983, originally for Soviet cosmonauts to enhance cognitive function, physical stamina, and cold tolerance during space missions. The addition of a phenyl group to piracetam’s pyrrolidone nucleus fundamentally changes the compound’s pharmacological profile – it crosses the blood-brain barrier more readily, has significantly greater affinity for multiple neurotransmitter systems, and exhibits pronounced psychostimulant and physical performance-enhancing properties absent in piracetam. Phenylpiracetam was approved and marketed in Russia as Phenotropil for cognitive impairment, asthenia, and convulsive disorders until its manufacturer ceased production. It gained notoriety in the sporting world after the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) added it to the prohibited substances list following its detection in several Olympic athletes, confirming its reputation as a legitimate performance enhancer. One of its most distinctive properties is the enhancement of cold tolerance, a trait that directly reflects its origins as a cosmonaut support compound and has been demonstrated in animal models of hypothermia.
Moleküler Veri
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|---|---|---|---|
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Kaynaklar
- The Effects of Phenotropil on the Cognitive Functions of Patients with Chronic Cerebrovascular Insufficiency — Savchenko, A.Yu., Zakharova, N.S., Stepanov, I.N.
- Phenotropil: Spectrum of Pharmacological Activity and Its Place in Clinical Practice — Zvejniece, L., Svalbe, B., Veinberg, G., et al.
- Pharmacological Activity of N-carbamoylmethyl-4-phenyl-2-pyrrolidone, a New Phenyl Analog of Piracetam — Bobkov, Yu.G., Morozov, I.S., Glozman, O.M., et al.
- Effects of Phenylpiracetam on Physical Performance in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome — Malykh, A.G., Sadaie, M.R.
- Comparative Evaluation of the Neuroprotective Activity of Phenotropil and Piracetam in Laboratory Animals with Experimental Cerebral Ischemia — Tiurenkov, I.N., Bagmetova, V.V., Epishina, V.V.